Glossary

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that carries messages from your brain to your body through nerve cells. It’s an excitatory neurotransmitter. This means it “excites” the nerve cell and causes it to “fire off the message.”
Acetylcholine gets its name from the two substances that it’s made from — an acetyl group (acetyl coenzyme A, which comes from the sugar molecule glucose) and the nutrient choline. Choline is naturally present in foods, including egg yolks, soy, liver, seeds of vegetables and legumes. Choline is also made in your liver.
Acetylcholine is involved in many important functions in your body. It plays a major role in voluntary muscle movement all over your body. This is muscle movement you control. Nerve cells stimulate muscle nerve cells, causing muscles to contract. It also plays an important role in brain nerve cells, in such processes as memory, thinking and learning.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24568-acetylcholine-ach

Amino Acid

Amino acids are organic compounds composed mainly of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Your body needs 20 different amino acids to grow and function properly. While all 20 of these are important for your health, only 9 are classified as essential (because your body can't make them).

Although your body can make nonessential amino acids, it cannot make essential amino acids, so you have to get them from your diet.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/essential-amino-acids

Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion).
To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. In contrast, the remainder of the antibody is relatively constant. In mammals, antibodies occur in a few variants, which define the antibody's class or isotype: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. The constant region at the trunk of the antibody includes sites involved in interactions with other components of the immune system. The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response.

Together with B and T cells, antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system. They occur in two forms: one that is attached to a B cell, and the other, a soluble form, that is unattached and found in extracellular fluids such as blood plasma. Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell – these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells, which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells, which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen.[4] Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions. Because these fluids were traditionally known as humors, antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes known as, or considered a part of, humoral immunity.[5] The soluble Y-shaped units can occur individually as monomers, or in complexes of two to five units.

Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably,[1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors.[6]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death. It is a way of eliminating unwanted or damaged cells in a controlled and regulated manner.
DALL: "sketch apoptotic cell death"

Aspartate

Aspartate is a nonessential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

Aspartyl Protease

A Catalytic type of Protease enzymes that use an activated water molecule bound to one or more aspartate residues for catalysis of their Peptide substrates.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic_protease

Atom

The atom is the basic particle of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. For example, any atom that contains 11 protons is sodium, and any atom that contains 29 protons is copper.

Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

Autoxidation

Autoxidation refers to Oxidations brought about by reactions with oxygen at normal temperatures, without the intervention of flame or electric spark. The term is usually used to describe the gradual degradation of organic compounds in air at ambient temperatures. Many common phenomena can be attributed to autoxidation, such as food going rancid, the 'drying' of varnishes and paints, and the perishing of rubber.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxidation

Caspases

Caspases are a family of Cysteine Aspartyl Proteases mostly involved in the execution of apoptotic cell death and in regulating inflammation.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34940803/

Catalytic

Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst. Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis

Chromosome

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are the histones. These proteins, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the DNA molecule to maintain its integrity.[1][2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation.[3]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome

Cysteine

Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid important for making protein, and for other metabolic functions. It's found in beta-keratin. This is the main protein in nails, skin, and hair. Cysteine is important for making collagen. It affects skin elasticity and texture. Cysteine has antioxidant properties.
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=19&contentid=Cysteine

Electron

The electron, symbol n, is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. The electron's mass is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme

Gene

In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The TODO Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA, that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes.
TODO add more info...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene

Hydroxyl

The chemical group, ion, or radical OH that consists of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen and is neutral or negatively charged. Kydroxyl—a molecule just one hydrogen atom short of water.

Interleukin

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins.[1]

The function of the immune system primarily depends on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells.

Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in mice.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin

Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons.

Anion (−) and cation (+) indicate the net electric charge on an ion. An ion that has more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge, is named an anion, and a minus indication "Anion (−)" indicates the negative charge. With a cation it is just the opposite: it has less electrons than protons, giving it a net positive charge, hence the indication "Cation (+)".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion

Isotope

Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), but differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. While all isotopes of a given element have almost the same chemical properties, they have different atomic masses and physical properties.[1]

The term isotope is formed from the Greek roots isos (ἴσος "equal") and topos (τόπος "place"), meaning "the same place"; thus, the meaning behind the name is that different isotopes of a single element occupy the same position on the periodic table.[2] It was coined by Scottish doctor and writer Margaret Todd in a 1913 suggestion to the British chemist Frederick Soddy, who further popularized the term.[3]

The number of protons within the atom's nucleus is called its atomic number and is equal to the number of electrons in the neutral (non-ionized) atom. Each atomic number identifies a specific element, but not the isotope; an atom of a given element may have a wide range in its number of neutrons. The number of nucleons (both protons and neutrons) in the nucleus is the atom's mass number, and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number.

For example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that every carbon atom has 6 protons so that the neutron numbers of these isotopes are 6, 7, and 8 respectively. Antibody

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope

Locus

In genetics, a locus (pl.: loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located. Each chromosome carries many genes, with each gene occupying a different position or locus; in humans, the total number of protein-coding genes in a complete set of 23 chromosomes is estimated at 19,000–20,000.

Note: The gene location is considered by Superbody to be less important than what body conditions or body systems the gene is associated with.
Note: "Centromere" in the following image represents the point where the chromosomes arms are linked together.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chromosome+arm

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in your immune system. They help your body fight infection and disease by recognizing and attacking foreign invaders such as viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells. There are two main types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. T cells directly attack and kill infected or abnormal cells, while B cells produce antibodies that target foreign invaders.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23342-lymphocytes

Neutron

The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n, which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons behave similarly within the nucleus, they are both referred to as nucleons.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

Molecule

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds.

According to Merriam-Webster and the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word "molecule" derives from the Latin "moles" or small unit of mass.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule

Matrix Metalloproteinase

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also known as matrixins, belong to a group of zinc-dependent proteins, which are thought to play a central role in the breakdown of extracellular matrix. Collagen, elastin, gelatin and casein are major components cleaved by MMPs. The breakdown of these components is essential for many physiological processes such as embryonic development, morphogenesis, reproduction, and tissue resorption and remodelling. MMPs also participate in pathological processes such as arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20846107/

Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body can’t function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland.
Your body has a vast network of nerves (your nervous system) that send and receive electrical signals from nerve cells and their target cells all over your body. Your nervous system controls everything from your mind to your muscles, as well as organ functions. In other words, nerves are involved in everything you do, think and feel. Your nerve cells send and receive information from all body sources. This constant feedback is essential to your body’s optimal function.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters

Oxidation

Oxidation occurs when an atom, molecule, or ion loses one or more electrons in a chemical reaction.
When oxidation occurs, the oxidation state of the chemical species increases.
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-oxidation-in-chemistry-605456

Oxide

A compound in which oxygen is bonded to one or more electropositive atoms.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/oxide

Peptide

Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have a larger molecular mass called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides (two to twenty amino acids), and include dipeptides (two amino acids), tripeptides (three amino acids), and tetrapeptides (four amino acids).

Peptides are smaller versions of Proteins. They may provide pro-aging support, anti-inflammatory, or muscle-building properties.
Recent research indicates that some types of peptides could have a beneficial role in slowing down the aging process, reducing inflammation, and destroying microbes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326701

Peroxides

The oxide of an element that contains an unusually large amount of oxygen.
Peroxides are a group of compounds that contain the peroxide group, which has the structure R−O−O−R, where R is any element (e.g. Hydrogen).
Peroxides are intermediates in the autoxidation reaction, which is a free radical reaction involving oxygen that leads to deterioration of fats and oils. Peroxide value, which is the concentration of peroxide in an oil or fat, is useful for assessing the extent to which spoilage has advanced.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/peroxide
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Protease

A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease

Protein

Proteins are large, complex molecules that are essential for the proper functioning of living organisms. They are made up of smaller units called amino acids, which are linked together in a specific sequence to form a long chain. The sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein.

Proteins have many important functions in the body, including:

Building and repairing tissues such as muscles, skin, and hair.
Transporting molecules such as oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Regulating chemical reactions in cells.
Fighting off infections by recognizing and attacking foreign invaders.

We tend to think of protein as a mass noun: a homogeneous substance, something that your diet should contain in a certain proportion.

Instead, there are lots and lots of different proteins in an organism, or even in a single cell. They come in every size, shape, and type you can imagine, and each one has a unique and specific job. Some are structural parts, giving cells shape or helping them move. Others act as signals, drifting between cells like messages in a bottle. Still others are metabolic enzymes, putting together or snapping apart biomolecules needed by the cell.
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Proton

A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with masses of approximately one atomic mass unit, are jointly referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

Pseudogene

See Gene Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by gene duplication or indirectly by reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gene-like sequences that lack regulatory sequences needed for transcription or translation, or whose coding sequences are obviously defective due to frameshifts or premature stop codons.
Note: Pseudogenes are normally considered a type of junk DNA.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene

Radical (chemistry)

In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules with oxygen and unpaired electrons that can react with other substances.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are formed from oxygen in living organisms. They are produced as a byproduct of normal cellular metabolism and play important roles in various biological processes, such as cell signaling, gene expression, and immune defense. However, when ROS levels become too high, they can cause damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. This damage is known as oxidative stress and has been linked to various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease.
https://www.bing.com/search?q=reactive+oxygen+species&form=ANNTH1&refig=2B2CF0718BDD4F7DA505847F7330CD81&pc=DCTS

Training

DNA (video) | Gene expression and regulation | Khan Academy
E.g. bing.com videos Gene Expression For Dummies
UCSF Health Prostate Cancer Glossary
Hillsdale College's free "The Great Principles of Chemistry" Course (needs registration)
Periodic Table of Elements

AGAP

The anion (a negatively charged ion) gap (AGAP) test measures anion gap (sometimes called serum anion gap) or how much acid is in your blood. Acid levels that are higher or lower than normal can tip your doctor off to a health problem and help them find the right treatment for you.

Too much acid in your blood can be a sign of short-term problems like dehydration and diarrhea or long-term conditions like diabetes. It's not common, but too little acid may point to a serious problem like heart disease.
WebMD

ALT

ALT stands for Alanine (an amino acid) Aminotransferase. Aminotransferase are enzymes that catalyze a transamination (transfer an amino group to a keto acid to form new amino acids) reaction between an amino acid and an keto acid). A Keto acid is a type of acid.

ALT is an enzyme produced by the liver.
Low ALT is caused by asprin and exercise.
High ALT is found after a heart attact, liver death or inflammation, very high alcohol intoxication, or mononucleosis. Abnormal destruction of either heart muscle, skeletal muscle or liver cells sees an increase of this enzyme in the blood.
Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

AST

The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) test is a blood test that looks for liver damage by checking the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (also known as aspartate transferase) in your blood.
Aminotransferase are enzymes that catalyze a transamination (transfer an amino group to a keto acid to form new amino acids) reaction between an amino acid and an keto acid). A Keto acid is a type of acid.
WebMD

Albumin

From: Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests
Albumin is a protein of the blood. It is made by the liver from food protein.
Elevated blood albumin may occur if dehydrated.
Low blood albumin can result from:

malnutrition
liver desease
edema (swelling of the lower extremities)
accumulation of fluid in abdomen
Kidney dysfunction with edema
Kidney desease with albumin in the urine
convulsions and come during pregnancy

Alkaline Phosphatase

Measuring the Alkaline Phosphatase ("ALK") enzyme is to check for the possiblilty of bone or liver disease. A diseased liver cannot properly dispose of this through the gallbladder system. ALK can become elevated from disease or blockage of the gallbladder or the bile duct that transports bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine. If ALK cannot move to the small intestine, it will back up into the blood system.

During bone growth or bone destruction, this enzyme can be elevated even if no liver or gallbladder disease.
Another cause of elevated ALK can indicate bone disease or other issues.
A low ALK level can be caused by other things, including high vitamin D or low vitamin C, or malnutrition and/or malabsorption. Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

BUN

BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen. It has a balancing effect upon the blood electrolytes: sodium, chloride, potassium and bicarbonate. Urea not required for electrolyte balancing is eliminated by the kidneys. When urea cannot be adequately filtered out of the body by the kidneys, one develops uremic poisoning. This can be indicated by an elevated BUN level. Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

Basophil Auto

Basophil carries an anticlotting chemical called "heparin." At the site of inflammation, its release of heparin prevents the clotting of blood in the inflammed area.
Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

Calcium

Approximately 99% of the body calcium is in the bones. Calcium is needed for nerve and muscle function and is an activator of certain enzyme functions necessary to life and good health. The best dietary source of calcium is milk or other milk products other than butter. Calcium is absorbed in the intestine and vitamin D promotes that absorption.
Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

Calcium Corrected

Most of the body's calcium is stored in the bones; the rest is contained in the blood. If the blood calcium level drops too low, the bones release calcium. On the other hand, if the calcium levels in the blood are too high, the extra calcium is either stored in bones or removed from your body in urine.

There is a problem with the regular serum test though: the calcium measured in your serum is not exclusively "pure" calcium. About 15% of it is bound to organic and inorganic anions, 45% is the biologically active ionized calcium. The rest – about 40% – is bound to albumin.

This relation means that we can underestimate the serum calcium levels for a patient with low albumin (hypoalbuminemia). For example, a patient with a very low albumin level and apparently "normal" calcium level can be suffering from hypercalcemia. To avoid such situations, you should estimate the corrected calcium level.
https://www.omnicalculator.com/health/corrected-calcium#what-is-the-corrected-calcium

Chloride

A chloride blood test measures the amount of chloride in your blood. Chloride is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that help control the amount of fluids and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body. Chloride is often measured with other electrolytes to diagnose or monitor conditions, such as kidney disease, heart failure, liver disease, and high blood pressure.
https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/chloride-blood-test/

Creatine

Creatinine is a waste product that comes from the digestion of protein in your food and the normal breakdown of muscle tissue. It is removed from the blood through your kidneys. Everyone has some creatinine in their blood, but too much can be a sign of a possible kidney problem.
The serum (blood) creatinine test is a blood test used to check how well your kidneys are filtering your blood. It is usually ordered in combination with other tests as part of a bundle called the “basic metabolic panel” (BMP) or “comprehensive metabolic panel” (CMP). It is one of the most frequently ordered lab tests and is often part of a routine health check.
https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/serum-blood-creatinine

Eos Auto

An eosinophil count (EOS blood test) measures the number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in your body. This result can help identify the cause of certain symptoms and aid in the diagnosis of a number of conditions.

In healthy individuals, eosinophils make up less than 5% of white blood cells.1 An EOS count greater than this indicates an increased immune response and inflammation, which can point to issues ranging from allergies to certain cancers. Low levels can point to an issue with production of this cell type.

What Are Eosinophils?
Eosinophils are white blood cells that play an important role in your body’s immune response to help fight off infection. Like other white blood cells, eosinophils are produced in the bone marrow and travel to different tissues throughout the body to protect against infection and disease.
https://www.verywellhealth.com/eosinophil-count-blood-test-5216993

Est. GFR

eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) is a measure of how well your kidneys are working. Your eGFR is an estimated number based on a blood test and your age, sex, and body type.

You will have a blood test to see how much creatinine is in your blood. Creatinine is a waste product in your blood that comes from your muscles. Healthy kidneys take creatinine out of your blood and send it out of your body through your urine. If your kidneys are not working the way they should, creatinine will build up in your blood.
https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/tests/blood-test-egfr#what-is-egfr

Est. GFR (Af-Am)

The "(Af-Am)" is not found. From the Moffitt Cancer Center, the definition is the same as Est. GFR:
The estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate is useful for monitoring patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and those with risk factors for CKD. The National Kidney Foundation recommends that a person's eGFR result be interpreted in relation to his clinical history and presenting conditions. The eGFR can be affected by very high or very low muscle mass, muscle injury, a diet very high in meat, hepatic cirrhosis, certain drugs and other conditions.

Glucose Level

Glocose is the blood sugar level. When it is low and you'll have low energy. Real low is dangerous as you may pass out, or become unsteady. Too high a sugar level starts at "pre-diabetic" and, when very high can lead to excess urination, great thirst, dehydration, etc. Either high or low extreme sugar levels can lead to and indicate current or future health issues.
Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

Hematocrit

A hematocrit (he-MAT-uh-krit) test measures the proportion of red blood cells in the blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. Having too few or too many of them can be a sign of certain diseases.

The hematocrit test is a simple blood test. It is sometimes referred to as a packed-cell volume test.
TBD

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hematocrit/about/pac-20384728

Hemoglobin

What is it used for?
A hemoglobin test measures the levels of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. If your hemoglobin levels are abnormal, it may be a sign that you have a blood disorder.
https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/hemoglobin-test/

Immature Gran Auto

Granulocytes are specialized white blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow.

Granulocytes are white blood cells that play an important role in the function of your immune system. They are the first cells to respond to an infection and help the body with mediating allergies.

If you have high levels of granulocytes (granulocytosis), it can be a sign of a problem.
Granulocytes are typically checked as part of a complete blood count (CBC) blood test. High immature granulocyte levels can be a sign of a problem with your bone marrow, infections, allergic reactions, or inflammation from an underlying health condition. However, high immature granulocyte levels can also be normal during pregnancy and in newborns.
https://www.verywellhealth.com/granulocytes-high-5215376

Lymph Auto

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that help the body fight infection and disease. The normal range for an adult is between 1,000 and 4,800 lymphocytes per microliter (µL) of blood.

A high level of lymphocytes can also be a sign of lymphocytosis, which may indicate a more serious condition. Doctors typically refer to lymphocyte counts of more than 4,000 per 1 µL of bloodTrusted Source in adults as lymphocytosis. However, this threshold can vary between labs and people of different ages. People with lymphocytosis may experience symptoms depending on what is causing this spike in lymphocytes.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320987#normal-ranges

Lymph Auto %

An absolute blood cell count is a part of the results of a blood test. It is when the number of cells is expressed as an absolute number, rather than as a percentage.

The absolute lymphocytes count can be calculated by multiplying the total number of white blood cells against the percentage of white blood cells which are lymphocytes. If the white blood cell count is 8000, and 20% of those white blood cells are lymphocytes, that means the absolute lymphocytes count would be 1600 (8000 x 0.2). This is a normal lymphocytes count.

https://healthmatters.io/understand-blood-test-results/lymphocytes-1

MCH

Page 20 MCH is short for "mean corpuscular hemoglobin." It's the average amount of a protein called hemoglobin in each of your red blood cells. Hemoglobin carries oxygen around your body.

It's possible you'll learn about MCH when you get a blood test called a CBC (complete blood count). This test measures different parts of your blood, including red blood cells and white blood cells. Doctors use information from the CBC to calculate your MCH.

Your doctor may use this measurement to help in a diagnosis of some nutrient deficiencies or problems with your liver.

https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-are-mch-levels

Mean Cell Volumn

Page 20

Necleated RBC %/ 100 WBC

Preliminary ANC

Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

Prostatic Specific Ag

RBC - Red Blood Count

RDW

An RDW (red blood cell distribution width) blood test measures how varied your red blood cells are in size and volume. Your red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to organs and tissues throughout your body. The oxygen fuels your body’s cells so that they can produce energy.

Having red blood cells that are vastly different sizes from each other (high variation) may be a sign of anemia. Anemia is a condition that involves not having enough healthy red blood cells to supply oxygen to your body’s organs.

An RDW blood test, along with other RBC indices, may be used to help diagnose what’s causing anemia. Conditions associated with anemia include:

Cancer.
Cardiovascular disease.
Kidney disease.
Liver disease.
Thalassemia.
Chronic illnesses (Crohn’s disease, diabetes and HIV).
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies (iron, vitamin B12, folate).

But per a nurse in April, 2024: Elevated RDW is actually good; it means the body is making more young RBCs which are larger than the more mature RBCs. . https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22980-rdw-blood-test

Sodium

A sodium blood test measures the amount of sodium in your blood. Sodium is a type of electrolyte. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals. They help control the amount of fluid and the balance of acids and bases (pH balance) in your body. Sodium also helps your nerves and muscles work properly.
You get most of the sodium you need in your diet. If you take in too much, your kidneys get rid of the extra sodium in your urine. Normally, your body keeps your sodium levels in a very narrow range. If your sodium blood levels are too high or too low, it may mean that you have a kidney problem, dehydration, or another type of medical condition.
Why do I need a sodium blood test? Your health care provider may order a sodium blood test as part of your regular checkup or if you take medicine that can affect your fluid balance. You may also have this test if you have symptoms of too much sodium or too little sodium in your blood. Symptoms of high sodium levels (hypernatremia) include: Thirst Urinating (peeing) very little Vomiting Diarrhea Confusion Muscle twitching Seizures Without treatment, extremely high levels of sodium may lead to a coma and become life threatening. Symptoms of low sodium levels (hyponatremia) include: Weakness Fatigue Confusion Muscle twitching Seizures https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/sodium-blood-test/

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a pigment formed in the liver from a different bile pigment released from free hemoglobin in the blood stream - resulting from red blood cell destruction (hemolysis). Hemolysis can be the result of certain diseases or "old" red blood cells. The average healthy red blood cell life span is about 120 days.
The word bilirubin comes bile "bile."" Rubin comes from the Latin ruber for "red". Thus bilirubin means "red bile."
Dr. Richard P. Murray's Basic Guide to Understanding Clinical Laboratory Tests

To Do

Coding

Put the topic filter in the URL. Use this on page load to refilter after page refresh. This is helpful when making lots of changes. See CDF Projects page.
See if can hide the unused "back to top" entries if a topic filter does not have any topics for a letter.
Hidden topics can't be found by a hyperlink...
Add the blood test reference ranges. The range is on tests, so this is not vital.

Define

Words in the Antibody definition. Link to wikipedia Antigens image.
Body Systems (Glands, Organs, etc.)
Endocrine System
DNA
Electron Shells, subshells, and orbitals
Electrolyte (see use in BUN)
Eukaryote
Gene - complete definition
Gene Expression
Glieal Cells - immune system.
Histone
PET Scan - see email to family re. this.
Pseudogene - reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript
Platelets
Proteolysis
Ribosomes
Ribozymes
RNA
morphogenesis
tissue resorption
extracellular matrix
metabolic enzymes
Supplements Terms
Zinc Chelate is an easily absorbed zinc supplement in tablet form that supports a healthy immune system and promotes the healthy creation of new cells.* Promotes protein synthesis* Supports a healthy immune system* Supports skin health* Supports male hormonal health* Excellent source of zinc https://www.hearthealthyhomes.com/products/standardprocess-zinc-chelate-8357?msclkid=bbc5865320c8183b24cee04a885e0f29&utm_campaign=Nonbrand%20-%20Search&utm_content=Keywords%20ads&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=bing&utm_term=zinc%20chelate Chelate Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and the molecules to metal ions. It involves the formation or presence of two or more separate coordinate bonds between a polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand and a single central metal atom. These ligands are called chelants, chelators, chelating agents, or sequestering agents. They are usually organic compounds, but this is not a necessity. The word chelation is derived from Greek χηλή, chēlē, meaning "claw"; the ligands lie around the central atom like the claws of a crab. The term chelate was first applied in 1920 by Sir Gilbert T. Morgan and H. D. K. Drew, who stated: "The adjective chelate, derived from the great claw or chele (Greek) of the crab or other crustaceans, is suggested for the caliperlike groups which function as two associating units and fasten to the central atom so as to produce heterocyclic rings." Chelation is useful in applications such as providing nutritional supplements, in chelation therapy to remove toxic metals from the body, as contrast agents in MRI scanning, in manufacturing using homogeneous catalysts, in chemical water treatment to assist in the removal of metals, and in fertilizers. Chelate Effect Ethylenediamine ligand chelating to a metal with two bonds The chelate effect is the greater affinity of chelating ligands for a metal ion than that of similar nonchelating (monodentate) ligands for the same metal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation Chelation Therapy Chelation therapy is a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body. Chelation therapy has a long history of use in clinical toxicology and remains in use for some very specific medical treatments. Chelation therapy must be administered with care as it has a number of possible side effects, including death.[4][5] In response to increasing use of chelation therapy as alternative medicine and in circumstances in which the therapy should not be used in conventional medicine, various health organizations have confirmed that medical evidence does not support the effectiveness of chelation therapy for any purpose other than the treatment of heavy metal poisoning. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation_therapy

Body and Other Terms